The SD card is a proprietary, non-unstable, flash Memory Wave card format developed by the SD Association (SDA). They are available in three bodily varieties: the full-size SD, the smaller miniSD (now obsolete), and the smallest, microSD. Owing to their compact form issue, SD playing cards have been broadly adopted in a wide range of portable shopper electronics, together with digital cameras, camcorders, video sport consoles, mobile phones, motion cameras, and camera drones. The format was launched in August 1999 as Safe Digital by SanDisk, Panasonic (then often called Matsushita), and Kioxia (then part of Toshiba). It was designed as a successor to the MultiMediaCard (MMC) format, introducing a number of enhancements including a digital rights administration (DRM) function, a more durable physical casing, and a mechanical write-protect switch. These enhancements, mixed with sturdy industry assist, contributed to its widespread adoption. To handle licensing and intellectual property rights, the founding firms established SD-3C, LLC. In January 2000, additionally they formed the SD Affiliation, a non-profit group accountable for creating the SD specs and promoting the format.
As of 2023, the SDA consists of roughly 1,000 member companies. The association uses trademarked logos owned by SD-3C to implement compliance with official requirements and to indicate product compatibility. In 1994, SanDisk launched the CompactFlash (CF) format, certainly one of the primary successful flash memory card types. CF outpaced a number of competing early formats, including the Miniature Card and SmartMedia. However, the late 1990s saw a proliferation of proprietary codecs similar to Sony's Memory Stick and the xD-Picture Card from Olympus and Fujifilm, resulting in a fragmented Memory Wave Experience card market. To deal with these challenges, SanDisk partnered with Siemens and Nokia in 1996 to develop a new postage stamp-sized memory card called the MultiMediaCard (MMC). Whereas technically progressive, MMC adoption was sluggish, and even Nokia was sluggish to combine assist for it into its cell gadgets. In 1999, SanDisk was approached by Panasonic (then often called Matsushita) and Kioxia (then a part of Toshiba) to develop a new format as a second-generation successor to MMC.
The aim was to create a portable, excessive-efficiency Memory Wave card with integrated safety options and broader interoperability. Concerned about losing market share to Sony's proprietary Memory Stick, Toshiba and Panasonic saw the collaboration as a possibility to determine an open, business-backed customary. Panasonic and Toshiba, who had beforehand collaborated on the Super Density Disc (a DVD precursor), reused its stylized "SD" brand for the Safe Digital (SD) card format. Anticipating the growth of MP3 gamers, they also advocated for digital rights management (DRM) support in search of to reassure content publishers wary of piracy. The DRM system adopted-Content material Protection for Recordable Media (CPRM)-had been developed earlier in partnership with IBM and Intel, and Intel and complied with the Secure Digital Music Initiative commonplace. Although often cited as an element in the format's broad business support, CPRM was not often applied in practice. SD playing cards also featured a mechanical write-protect switch, and early SD slots maintained backward compatibility with MMC playing cards. In keeping with SanDisk, shopper adoption was accelerated by Toshiba and Panasonic's commitment to launching compatible devices in parallel with the playing cards.
To support standardization and interoperability, SanDisk, Toshiba, and Panasonic announced the creation of the SD Association (SDA) on the January 2000 Consumer Electronics Show (CES). Headquartered in San Ramon, California, the SDA initially included 30 member companies and has since grown to encompass around 800 organizations worldwide. At the March 2003 CeBIT commerce show, SanDisk introduced and demonstrated the miniSD card format. The SD Association (SDA) adopted miniSD later that yr as a small-kind-issue extension to the SD card normal, meant primarily for use in cell phones. Nonetheless, the format was largely phased out by 2008 following the introduction of the even smaller microSD card. TransFlash identify remains in common use as a generic time period for microSD cards. A passive adapter allows microSD cards to be used in normal SD card slots, sustaining backward compatibility across devices. The storage capacity of SD cards increased steadily all through the 2010s, pushed by advances in NAND flash manufacturing and interface speeds. In January 2009, the SDA launched the Safe Digital extended Capability (SDXC) format, supporting as much as 2 TB of storage and transfer speeds up to 300 MB/s.
SDXC playing cards are formatted with the exFAT file system by default. The first SDXC cards appeared in 2010, with early models offering capacities of 32 to 64 GB and read/write speeds of several hundred megabits per second. Client adoption accelerated as digital cameras, smartphones, and card readers gained SDXC compatibility. By 2011, manufacturers supplied SDXC playing cards in 64 and 128 GB capacities, with some models supporting UHS Velocity Class 10 and quicker. The Safe Digital Ultra Capability (SDUC) specification, announced in 2018, expanded most capacity to 128 TB and increased theoretical switch speeds to 985 MB/s. There are 4 outlined SD capacity requirements: Standard Capacity (SDSC), High Capacity (SDHC), Prolonged Capacity (SDXC), and Ultra Capacity (SDUC). In addition to specifying maximum storage limits, these standards additionally outline most well-liked file methods for formatting playing cards. The unique Safe Digital (SD) card was launched in 1999 as a successor to the MMC format. The name SD Commonplace Capability (SDSC) was applied later to distinguish it from newer variants.
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